TAJIKISTAN
Section 201 of the FREEDOM Support Act amended Section 498A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to require that the President "take into account not only relative need but also the extent to which that independent state is acting to:"
Section 498A(a)(1): "make significant progress toward, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, a democratic system based on principles of the rule of law, individual freedoms, and representative government determined by free and fair elections."
With the civil war behind it, and parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled in 2005 and 2006 respectively, Tajikistan is approaching a crossroads and must soon decide if it wants to retain the trappings of its Soviet heritage or move towards an open and democratic system. The Government has established some democratic institutions. While key elements of the central government continue to be directly or indirectly controlled by President Rahmonov, some politicians from opposition parties continued to hold seats in the parliament and positions in the Government. The Government and the former wartime opposition continued to cooperate on key issues.
The law on parliamentary elections, approved by the former parliament in December 1999, was flawed in areas such as media access, campaign funding, criteria for disqualification of candidates, exclusion of independent domestic observers, and treatment of suspect election results. A joint mission of the UN and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) observed elections to the Lower House of Tajikistan's new bicameral national Parliament on February 27, 2000. The joint UN-OSCE observation mission noted that the elections, characterized by the open participation of six parties and a number of independent candidates, were an improvement over the limited choice offered to voters during presidential elections in November 1999. The joint observer mission concluded, however, that the elections failed to meet the minimum standards for equal, free, fair, transparent, and accountable elections. In particular, problems were noted with regard to the independence of election commissions, as well as the protection of the ballot boxes, conduct of the vote count and tabulation of results. State organs, particularly regional and local administration officials, interfered in the preparations for and conduct of the elections in a manner not foreseen by law and inconsistent with international standards for democratic elections. The June 2003 referendum on constitutional amendments was procedurally and substantively flawed. Widespread proxy voting and other polling irregularities were observed. Voters were only given one opportunity to say yea or nay to all 56 proposed amendments, including the amendment granting the president the possibility of two additional seven-year terms. Voter turnout was low.
It is noteworthy that Tajikistan has a legal opposition, including a political party that is both overtly Islamic and committed to a secular state. While there are several registered political parties, the Government exercises undue control over opposition parties, and has refused to register some parties critical of the Government. At least one prospective independent candidate for the Lower House of Parliament was prevented from registering as a candidate for the elections to the Lower House in 2000, but several opposition parties were allowed to participate in parliamentary elections. One opposition party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, won two seats in the Lower House. President Rahmonov's People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan controls an overwhelming majority of seats in both houses of Parliament, however this party itself has divided into separate movements. The legislative branch remains subservient to the executive branch, although reforms are under way to encourage independence and transparency.
Few judges receive formal training before being seated on the bench, but U.S. Government-funded NGO's are conducting training programs for judges, prosecutors, defense advocates and sometimes even law enforcement officials regarding the rule of law and its effective implementation. Furthermore, for the past three years, the United States helped the Head of the Council of Justice administer a written exam for incoming judges that helped weed out unprepared candidates. This exam was suspended for nine months in 2003, but in late 2003, a new person was appointed to head the Council of Justice, and there is hope that the written exam will be reinstated. Corruption is endemic in Tajikistan, eroding the rule of law and hindering economic and democratic reform.
Since 2001, Tajikistan has been free from the assassinations and outbreaks of violence perpetrated by unreformed opposition members that had plagued the country in previous years. Credible reports indicate that security forces sometimes tortured, beat, and abused detainees. There were similar allegations of occasional threats, extortion, looting, and abuse of civilians. The Government infrequently prosecutes security officials believed responsible for human rights abuses, though prosecutions of this type increased during 2003, and in other cases such officials were reprimanded and/or transferred to other areas. Unlike previous years, sources indicate that the Government effectively controls all of the country.
The Government's human rights record remained poor; although there were improvements in some areas, serious problems remained. Freedom of the press has declined since 2002 when the Government licensed three independent radio stations. At the end of 2003, the Government adopted revisions to its law on mass media and information that consolidated its influence over all forms of mass media via additional overlapping licensing bodies which can be used to exert additional pressure on the media. Additionally, independent newspapers that are well known for their critical stance towards the Government have come under close scrutiny and intimidation from the Government. Journalists still self-censor to a large degree, and local television stations are closely linked to local governments. Freedom of assembly remains limited to registered groups. Tajikistan has eliminated registration fees for NGOs, leading to an extraordinary growth in the number of Tajik NGOs. The Government supports registered religious organizations. The Government has made progress in reducing trafficking in women and children and has moved from Tier III to Tier II in the annual Trafficking in Persons report. We have seen an up-tick in prosecutions for traffickers in persons, but continued efforts are needed.
Section 498A(a)(2): "make significant progress in, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, economic reform based on market principles, private ownership, and integration into the world economy, including implementation of the legal and policy frameworks necessary for such reform (including protection of intellectual property and respect for contracts)."
The civil war (1992-1997) severely damaged Tajikistan's already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Since 1997, however, Tajikistan has experienced economic growth with the recovery of the agricultural sector.
Projected real GDP growth in 2003 in Tajikistan is estimated at 9%, with consumer price inflation persistently high at 13%. The traditional cotton and aluminum sectors, Tajikistan's two largest exports, showed modest expansion, while services (mostly trade), non-aluminum manufacturing, and non-cotton agriculture accounted for two-thirds of GDP growth in the first nine months of 2003. While these growth figures are very encouraging, Tajikistan's economic growth rate is unsustainable without significant structural reforms. Tajikistan's heavy external debt burden also weakens its economy. Though rainfall and corresponding agricultural production increased significantly during 2003, the cumulative effects of two years of severe drought from 2000-2001 continue to be a problem.
Improved fiscal discipline by the Government of Tajikistan has supported the return to positive economic growth. After deficit spending in 2001, the Government just balanced the budget in 2002 and ran a surplus in 2003 equal to slightly less than 1% of GDP. The current account balance was strengthened by higher than projected remittances (the equivalent of 15% of GDP) and high cotton and aluminum prices. The external current account deficit for 2003 is projected to be 2.9% of GDP.
Progress on implementing Tajikistan's structural reform agenda has been significant since 1998, particularly with regard to the privatization of small-scale state-owned enterprises (SOEs). During the year, the Government announced its intent to fully adopt international accounting standards by FY 2004 and made significant efforts towards this goal. The potential for continued economic growth is found in the agricultural and light-manufacturing sectors where productivity increases are anticipated from continued privatization of medium-sized and large SOEs and land reform, although progress with farm privatization is hindered by the debt of state-owned farms and concern over transparency and fairness of the process. A plan to restructure the banking sector is underway and improved governance generally remains a top priority
The Government of Tajikistan has worked closely with its development partners, including the United States, to modernize its legal and regulatory framework to support its shift to a market economy. Restructuring of the banking sector and improved governance remain top priorities if Tajikistan is to create an improved environment for private-sector investment and growth. Ten years after independence, the country has a barely functioning banking system. There is also limited confidence in the capacity of the courts and government agencies to implement and enforce rights and obligations created by new legislation and regulations. Tajikistan remained on the U.S. Special 301 "Watch List" for 2003 due to shortcomings in its IPR law and insufficient enforcement of its existing IPR laws.
Tajikistan's high external debt service requirement and incomplete structural reforms leave the country vulnerable to economic shocks. Tajikistan's total external debt (both inherited from the Soviet Union and acquired after independence) has declined from 82% of GDP at end-2002 to a projected 73% at end-2003 due to debt restructuring agreements with bilateral creditors and the strong growth of GDP in recent years. The overhang of old debts continues to be a serious drain on government resources and constrains the Government of Tajikistan's ability to meet pressing development needs. Debt service costs will increase significantly for the period 2005-2009, as the grace period provided in the December 2002 restructuring agreement with Russia, Tajikistan's largest creditor, ends in 2005. Further restructuring of the bilateral debt with Russia is a high priority. Uzbekistan's ability to effectively blockade its border with Tajikistan also has a severe impact on the Tajik economy, since almost all of Tajikistan's trade must transit Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan remains a member in good standing with the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Asian Development Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) agreement entered into force in 1992. The 1993 bilateral trade agreement between Tajikistan and the United States provides reciprocal Normal Trade Relations benefits, subject to annual review, and contains intellectual property rights provisions. Tajikistan has been determined to be compliant with the freedom of emigration provisions of the Jackson-Vanik amendment (subject to a semi-annual reporting requirement on its continued compliance with these provisions). In May 2001, Tajikistan submitted a formal request for accession to the WTO and a working group was formed. It is working on its submission of a memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime.
Section 498A(a)(3): "respect internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of minorities and the rights to freedom of religion and emigration."
The Government cooperated with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the repatriation of Tajik refugees from Afghanistan due to the 1992-1997 Tajik Civil War, and by 1998 the final tranche of refugees finished returning to their homes. The Government continues to work with the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration, and the International Committee of the Red Cross to facilitate the return of remaining internally-displaced persons from eastern Gorno-Badakshan oblast (region), and those who sought refuge in other neighboring states. Some of this latter group may have settled in their new homes as economic migrants with no intention of returning to Tajikistan at this time.
Retribution against returnees did not take place as originally feared, and the Government has made positive efforts to resolve the cases of returnees whose homes had been occupied during their absence. Persons from Kulyab have been favored over those from other regional clan groups and some harassment of those from Garm and Pamir, opposition strongholds during the war, continues. Fear about the future as well as linguistic and employment discrimination against the Russian minority led to large-scale out-migration of this group early during the civil conflict. This trend has slowed significantly in recent years, for a number of reasons: the return of stability; the fact that most of those with family in Russia have already left; and a 1996 agreement with Russia permitting dual citizenship.
According to the Constitution, Tajikistan is a secular state and religious freedoms are guaranteed by law. However, the Government often construes secularism as anti-religiosity. Islam is the majority religion. In general, minority religions enjoy both government and individual tolerance with the exception of native Tajiks who convert from Islam and who experience occasional discrimination and harassment. There does not appear to be official discrimination against religious minorities, but religious communities must register and are monitored to ensure that they do not become overly political. Unregistered, recently organized religious communities, however, such as Hare Krishna groups, function with no apparent restrictions.
The apparent goal of some Islamists to make Tajikistan an Islamic state remains a concern of the Government. President Rahmonov has aggressively defended secularism and occasionally criticized political Islam as a threat. In 2002-03, northern regional officials closed several mosques and removed 15 imams from their posts. Leading Islamic figures within the former opposition who have joined the Government have downplayed the issue, saying that Tajikistan is not ready to become an Islamic state and that they are committed to peacefully resolving their differences in a secular nation-state. However, the Government specifically banned the activity of one extremist Islamist group, Hizb ut-Tahrir, which has developed a significant following among the increasingly politically alienated ethnic Uzbek population of northern Tajikistan. The Hizb ut-Tahrir seeks to replace secular states with a borderless, theocratic, worldwide Caliphate. Many of its adherents have been detained and sentenced to lengthy prison sentences for possessing and distributing the group's literature.
Tajikistan has no law on emigration. Thus, since 1997, U.S. presidents have determined that Tajikistan meets the emigration requirements of Jackson-Vanik legislation. In 2002, the Tajik Government removed the exit visa requirement for Tajik nationals who wish to travel abroad.
Section 498A(a)(4):"respect international law and obligations and adhere to the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Charter of Paris, including the obligations to refrain from the threat or use of force and to settle disputes peacefully."
The Government of Tajikistan has made a public commitment to respect international legal obligations and OSCE commitments. In November 1999, Tajikistan joined other OSCE states in signing the Charter for European Security, which reaffirms full adherence to all existing OSCE documents. It has cooperated with the OSCE mission in Dushanbe on matters related to electoral law, human rights monitoring, and efforts that obtained a political settlement to the civil conflict. The OSCE mission in Tajikistan was expanded in 1995 to take on human rights monitoring functions previously carried out by the UNHCR, which it does to this day. On October 31, 2002, the OSCE Permanent Council recognized that Tajikistan had substantially corrected the most serious legacies from its civil war. The Permanent Council therefore redesignated the Tajikistan mission as the OSCE Center in Dushanbe, and broadened the Center's mandate to include programs to support civil society and democratic institution-building. The Government still has not yet established a formal human rights ombudsman as recommended by the OSCE, despite its statement in 1996 (before its civil war ended and its current government was established) that it would do so. The Government has, however, permitted human rights organizations to establish offices and freely operate in Tajikistan.
Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic have almost completed of border demarcation, although contentious areas remain, especially enclaves and exclaves, and the border dispute with China has been completely resolved. Minor clashes in late 1999 between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan did not escalate into anything more serious. Uzbek authorities, however, in mid-2000 heavily mined the still un-demarcated section of the border in response to raids by Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) units which Uzbekistan claimed operated out of Tajikistan. Over 200 (approximately 50-60 per year) civilians and unknown numbers of livestock have died because of this.
Fairly rare irredentist rhetoric about the largely ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (located in present-day Uzbekistan) has not been taken seriously by either Government. Tajikistan continues to work to form an independent national military, and increasingly receives assistance in this from the United States, France, India, and others. It has been largely successful in integrating former opposition fighters with government security forces - primarily the Ministry of Emergency Situations, but faces significant equipment and training shortages in maintaining its armed forces. As a result, it has neither the capacity nor any apparent intention to pursue aggressive actions against its neighbors. Tajikistan has been an active participant in regional dialogues and cooperative peacemaking efforts and it has recently requested to send a small peacekeeping unit to assist in Afghanistan. The U.S. continued to promote regional stability by helping Tajikistan participate in the Partnership for Peace and begin training troops for future possible peacekeeping operations. Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and International Military Education and Training (IMET) programs began in 2003.
Section 498A(a)(5): "Cooperate in seeking peaceful resolution of ethnic and regional conflicts."
The Government of Tajikistan welcomed international efforts to seek a peaceful resolution of the 1992-1997 Tajik civil conflict. The three-year UN-mediated negotiating process of peace talks with the Tajik opposition led to the June 27, 1997, signing of comprehensive peace accords and the creation of a Commission on National Reconciliation chaired by then-opposition leader Abdullo Said Nuri. Implementation of the accords and the conduct of some of its requirements (1999 constitutional referendum and presidential elections) were implemented but left much to be desired. However, following parliamentary elections in February 2000 in which six opposition parties participated, the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan (UNMOT) declared itself satisfied the process was sufficiently complete and declared its mission fulfilled in May. Abdullo Said Nuri declared his Commission on National Reconciliation to have fulfilled its mission as well and is now the chairman of the Islamic Renaissance Party in government.
The Tajik civil war was primarily a regional and clan-based power struggle, not a war between communists and Islamists as is often mistakenly proclaimed. Although the population is 25% ethnic Uzbek and Uzbeks fought on the side of the Government during the civil war against the opposition, the ethnic question was not a significant aspect of the conflict. Rather, the war fostered sub-ethnic regional identities among Tajiks, because discrimination against Tajiks from other regions such as Garm and Pamir region took place.
Section 498A(a)(6): "implement responsible security policies, including --
(A) adhering to arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union;
(B) reducing military forces and expenditures to a level consistent with legitimate defense requirements;
(C) not proliferating nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, their delivery systems, or related technologies; and
(D) restraining conventional weapons transfers."
Tajikistan has formally declared its willingness and intent to accept all of the relevant arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union. Tajikistan acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as a non-nuclear-weapon state on January 17, 1995, and supported indefinite extension of the Treaty at the NPT Review Conference in 1995. On July 7, 2003, the Government of Tajikistan signed an NPT safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, which has been approved by the IAEA's executive board. Tajikistan also approved the Additional Protocol no June 12, 2002. Tajikistan became a member of the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) based in Moscow in March 2003.
Tajikistan has submitted Confidence and Security-Building Measures (CSBM) annual data declarations for 1998-2003, and has willingly undergone CSBM inspections in accordance with the OSCE Vienna Document 1994 and its successor Vienna Document 1999. Tajikistan's fledgling military forces do not represent an offensive threat to neighboring states. The Tajik Government has not engaged in the proliferation of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, their delivery systems, or related technology. The United States considers Tajikistan to be a party to the Intermediate and Shorter Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty as a successor state to the Soviet Union. Tajikistan was one of the first NIS countries to become a State Party to the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997 and there are no concerns about their behavior under this Convention. Tajikistan has yet to become a State Party to the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BWC). It subscribed to the International Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (ICOC) in 2002. Tajikistan has taken steps to establish a basic framework for export controls including adoption in 1997 of an export control law and has cooperated with the U. S. Government and other Governments to strengthen export controls. The border with Afghanistan remains porous.
Tajikistan is a coalition member of the global war on terrorism and has fully supported American security objectives in the region. In 2001, Tajikistan activated its membership in Partnership for Peace and is expected to begin conducting annual Bilateral Defense Consultations with the Department of Defense on U.S.-Tajikistan security cooperation. Since Tajikistan's removal from the International Trafficking and Arms List in 2001, the country has actively participated in IMET, E-IMET, Foreign Military Financing (FMF) Program and the Regional Defense Counter Terrorism Fellowship (RDCTF) program - all new U.S-funded assistance programs that have expended over $5 million during the last two years. FMF and IMET assistance have been devoted to the purpose of providing professional western military education and assistance to promote reform of the Tajik forces. A core tenet of this cooperation is military reform. The Ministry of Defense has recently started reorganizing one Motorized Rifle Brigade into a Light Mountain Brigade, started the development of a peacekeeping battalion and has completed a Defense Planning Exchange conference to help develop a regional cooperation strategy tied to their military doctrine and determine missions down to the brigade level.
Section 498A(a)(7): "take constructive actions to protect the international environment, prevent significant trans-border pollution, and promote sustainable use of natural resources."
Shared upstream hydro facilities in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, vital to the region because they store water for downstream irrigation and provide power, have inadequate funding for operation and maintenance and have suffered deterioration since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Tajikistan's downstream neighbor, Uzbekistan, also cash-strapped, is unwilling to contribute to better upkeep of the existing facilities. However, Tajikistan is actively engaged in a search for solutions and participates in a number of initiatives focusing on environmental concerns, particularly those related to management of water resources. In August 2003, Tajikistan hosted the International Freshwater Forum, which called upon all countries to conserve and responsibly use their freshwater resources. Tajikistan has also been very active in the UN to promote awareness of freshwater issues. Tajik water officials are also fully participating with USAID training activities offered in the region and they work closely with the US NOAA snowmelt-forecasting project. The challenge ahead is to work with regional officials toward a mutually agreed-upon regional methodology for trans-boundary cooperation on managing of the region's water resources. Although Tajik officials have asked for assistance in this regard, the necessary policies, agreements, and institutions are not yet in place to ensure sustained upkeep or investment.
Tajikistan participates in regional activities managed by the Regional Environmental Center (REC) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, for which the U.S. provided funding support in 2002. The REC provides a valuable service by promoting the role of civil society in domestic governance, fostering dialogue between government and non-government stakeholders, and building capacity among civil society organizations to achieve their goals. The REC has the continued support of both the United States and the European Union.
Section 498A(a)(8): "deny support for acts of international terrorism."
The Government of Tajikistan does not grant sanctuary from prosecution to individuals or groups that have committed acts of international terrorism or otherwise support international terrorism. Although not condoned by the Government, Islamic extremist groups have operated out of Tajikistan in the past. Tajikistan was very strongly critical of the former Taliban in Afghanistan for harboring Usama bin Laden and long warned the international community of the threat the Taliban represented. It did not negotiate with the Taliban, and openly and uniformly opposes terrorism. After the attacks of September 11, Tajikistan immediately supported Coalition forces in Operation Enduring Freedom, and has generously offered assistance without reservation. Tajikistan is a party to eight international counterterrorism conventions and has signed but not yet ratified one.
Section 498A(a)(9): "accept responsibility for paying an equitable portion of the indebtedness to United States firms incurred by the Soviet Union."
In October 1991, shortly before the Soviet Union dissolved, Russia and nine other Soviet republics signed a Memorandum of Understanding declaring themselves jointly and severally liable for the pre-October 1991 external debt of the Soviet Union. In December 1991, Russia and seven other republics signed an agreement that assigned to each of the newly independent states a share of all the external assets and external debt of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Tajikistan signed both the October and December 1991 agreements. The December 1991 agreement provided that Tajikistan's share of the FSU debt would be 0.82%. In 1992, Russia sought to replace the joint and several liability principle by seeking full liability for the external debt of the FSU in return for all the external assets of the FSU. In December 1993, Tajikistan signed a "double-zero option" agreement with Russia under which Russia agreed to pay Tajikistan's share of the external debt of the FSU, in return for Tajikistan's share of the external assets of the FSU. This agreement is still in force.
Please see section 498A(a)(9) of the Russia assessment regarding indebtedness to the United States incurred by the former Soviet Union.
Section 498A(a)(10): "cooperate with the United States Government in uncovering all evidence regarding Americans listed as prisoners-of-war, or otherwise missing during American operations, who were detained in the former Soviet Union during the Cold War."
The U.S. effort to uncover evidence of American POWs and MIAs in the former Soviet Union is being conducted through the U.S. Russian Joint Commission on POWs/MIAs that was established in March 1992. The U.S. side of the Commission visited Tajikistan in September 1996. The visit was positive and indicated American interest. Requests for information were broadcast on local television, but there is no indication that any American POWs are in Tajikistan.
Section 498A(a)(11): "terminate support for the communist regime in Cuba, including removal of troops, closing military and intelligence facilities, including military and intelligence facilities at Lourdes and Cienfuegos, and ceasing trade subsidies and economic, nuclear, and other assistance."
We have no evidence from which to conclude that the Government of Tajikistan is providing military, intelligence, economic, nuclear, or other assistance to the Government of Cuba.
TAJIKISTAN
Section 498A(b)(1): Has the President determined that the Government of Tajikistan has "engaged in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights or of international law?"
No. The President has not made such a determination at this time. While there have been serious shortcomings in human rights observance in Tajikistan, the Government has undertaken efforts to address some of the problems. In some areas, especially political violence, there have been marked improvements in recent years. We will work to better address these human rights problems not only through diplomatic efforts but also through our assistance programs.
Section 498A(b)(2): Has the President determined that the Government of Tajikistan "has failed to take constructive action to facilitate the effective implementation of applicable arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union"?
No. The President has not made such a determination at this time.
Section 498A(b)(3): Has the President determined that, after October 24, 1992, the Government of Tajikistan "knowingly transferred to another country--
(A) missiles or missile technology inconsistent with the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime; or
(B) any material, equipment, or technology that would contribute significantly to the ability of such country to manufacture any weapon of mass destruction (including nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) if the President determine (d) that the material, equipment, or technology was to be used by such country in the manufacture of such weapon"?
No. The President has not made such a determination at this time.
Section 498A(b)(4): Is the Government of Tajikistan "prohibited from receiving such assistance by section 101 or 102 of the Arms Export Control Act or sections 306 (a) (1) and 307 of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991"?
No.
Section 498A(b)(5): Has the President determined and certified to the appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Tajikistan "is providing assistance for, or engaging in non-market-based trade (as defined in Section 498B(k)(3)) with the Cuban Government? If so, has the President taken action to withhold assistance from Tajikistan under the Foreign Assistance Act within 30 days of such a determination, or has Congress enacted legislation disapproving the determination within that 30-day period"?
No. The President has not determined that the Government of Tajikistan is providing assistance for, or engaging in any non-market-based trade with, the Cuban Government.
